Constantine And Empress Helen Their Impact On Christianity

Topic: Constantine and Empress Helena: Their Impact on Christianity -Who was Constantine?: Constantine was believed to be born on February 22, either in 272 or 273 AD. The exact date and year is not definite. He was the son of Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (mainly known as Constantius Chlorus) and Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta (mainly known as Saint Helena). His father was an officer of the army, and his mother was an inn keeper’s daughter. His father later divorced his mother Helena, and married Flavia Maximiania Theodora; his commanding officer’s daughter. Constantius Chlorus was ranked to Caesar, the deputy emperor in the west in 293. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a†¦show more content†¦Constantine also saw this as a sign from God. Constantine continually said that his success was from his conversion to Christianity and the support of God. His devotion to Christianity was closely associated with this rise to power. -What did he do for the Christian Religion?: Constantine was credited for converting the Roman Empire to Christianity. Along with the Eastern Roman Emperor Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus (better known as Licinius I) signed the Edict of Milan, which ensured religious tolerance for Christians. The signing of the Edict of Milan gave freedom of worship to all, and brought an end to the Age of Martyrs and ended the persecution of Christianity. Constantine helped convene and took part in the first meetings of Christian Churches, known as the Council of Nicea. The council of Nicea established equality of the Father and Son. He initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state. He provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture and prepared the way for the growing of Byzantine and Western medieval culture. After his victory the battle of Tiber River’s Mulvian Bridge, Constantine was considered the dominant figure in the empire. In this position Constantine ordered Maximinus II Dais to cease his subjugation of the Christians. Sometimes it was debated whether he was the first Christian emperor at all. The religion he did have was a mix blend of Paganism and Christianity. Constantine’s

Innovation Report for Bajaj Free Essays

string(71) " the market an innovation \(product innovation\) has been implemented\." 1. A critical review of its overall business strategy. (15%) Introduction of the company The group was founded in 1926, from the height of the British independent movement in India has a glorious history. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation Report for Bajaj or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bajaj Group is one of the top 10 commercial establishments in India. Its footprint across a wide range of industry sectors, including automobiles (two-wheelers and three-wheelers). The Group’s flagship company, Bajaj Auto, is listed as the world’s fourth largest two-and three-wheeled motorcycle manufacturer Bajaj brand is well-known in several countries of Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia. ttp://www. bajajauto. com/bajaj_corporate. asp * Company profile, (vision ,mission, brief history) Vision and Mission Statement Bajaj line of, vision and mission statement they defined its brand essence and brand value. The corporate brand is the visual expression of their own thoughts and actions convey their intent to continue to inspire confidence. The essence of their brand, the brand is the soul of the enterprise. They are doing their own brand value, its value learning, innovation, perfection, speed and transparency. Value Learning Learning is to how Bajaj ensure positive. This is a value; it contains a knowledge platform for building a moderately prosperous notice, reasonable and decisive action. Innovation Innovation is how Bajaj creating the future. This is a value, triggering significant beyond the pursuit of more than ordinary. Perfect Perfection Perfect is how Bajaj Jishu Li new standard. This is a value to show our determination, Excel, and efforts to establish a new benchmark, all the time. Speed Speed how Bajaj convey the clear conviction. This is a value; significant response reflects our commitment to our goals and process. Transparency Transparency is how Bajaj characteristics. It is a value worth through the credibility of integrity, trust sensitivity and loyalty through interdependence. http://corporatemissions. blogspot. sg/2007/10/bajaj-auto. html A Brief History – Integrity, dedication, resourcefulness and determination to succeed, today is the characteristics of the group, often be traced back to its birth in those days the tireless dedication to a common cause. Jamnalal Bajaj, founder of the Group, is a close friend and disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. In fact, Gandhi had by him and his son. This close relationship, deeply involved in his independence movement did not leave Jamnalal Bajaj too much time is spent in his new commercial enterprise. In 1942, his son, Kamalnayan Bajaj, then 27, took over the business rule. He is too close to Gandhi’s independence in 1947, his business is able to give his full attention. Kamalnayan Bajaj not only consolidated the Group, but also extended to a variety of production activities. The Rahul Erbaguji, Chairman of the Group, is responsible for the business in 1965. Under his leadership, the turnover of the Bajaj Auto’s flagship company from INR. 72 million INR. 120 billion, its expanding product portfolio and brand to find a global market. He is one of India’s most distinguished business leaders, his business acumen and entrepreneurial spirit to be respected and internationally. * Company current business situation of the company. as per the above chart company financial position is mush stable and in a strong shoes of profitability. ompany is growing and developing back to back year by year. that’s the reason behind it; it started recognizing as India’s top two wheeler company and even company started globalizing very fast, it started creating footprints all over the world. before these last three years company face few number of looses that’s the reason because of international crises. one of the another reason for these good business is its most challenging innovative products and its products demand in the market, today customers wait for the innovative product of the company. Current product/technology/process/patent that the company is having. Product- Currently Bajaj auto deals in both two wheelers and three wheelers vehicles. Technology Take a long time, use DTSI technology; Bajaj introduced the three Terry Poole SPRAK plug technology spark plug in the part-load conditions for better fuel efficiency, provide unprecedented performance and efficiency – and best combustion, and to ensure low emissions. Process Technology, this new status symbol Change a new, vibrant Bajaj Auto Is in close contact with customers, and believe in Speed nd innovation, to create excitement Through its products, focus on transparency. It is an identity, is to inspire confidence. It represents a new India Company. Patent Patent is in the two-wheeler sector product quality, technology up-gradation, customer service, changing environment http://www. universityessays. com/example-essays/english-language/the-bajaj-auto. php http://www. universityessays. com/example-essays/english-language/the-bajaj-auto. php#ixzz2Dn3XEfa3 * Current industry (what is happening that can affect the business. Bajaj Auto introduced a new graphics engine as promised Bajaj India has launched the new 2012 models pulsars in January 2012. It was named â€Å"pulsar 200ns of. It is cooled by the liquid 200cc engine of 23. 17 horsepower at 8000 rpm at 9500rpm for a maximum torque of 18. 3 nm. However, it is expected that Bajaj pulsar line to rise. The face-lift is very necessary, because the pulsar was launched nearly a decade ago. Anyway, 200ns pulsar is a new product; new exhaust layout is now below 200 Duke Engine. The pulsar 200ns new styling and technology. It has a new design alloy wheels, instrument panel, fuel tank and the side of the spoon. http://autos. maxabout. com/bikes/bajaj/pulsar-2008/pulsar-200 2. Why is it necessary for them to employ innovation into the company (20%) (Application of theory from your lectures is required. ) Your analysis on innovation will focus on any of the following within the MNC(select min 2 theories) You are expected to link /incorporate theories into the focus areas that you write. You are required to identify what is the issue that drives them to innovation. Thus you need to write on drivers to innovation. * Materials technology DTSI technology DTS-Fi wireless network connection and DTS-SI engine technology mother is very fuel-efficient. Engine technology also helps to reduce emissions and keep the environment clean and green. Technical innovations include new products and processes, product and process technology changes. If it has been on the market an innovation (product innovation) has been implemented. You read "Innovation Report for Bajaj" in category "Essay examples" For example: – Bajaj Pulsar 200 NS bike next technological innovation known as pulsars, it is found these days in Mumbai. Reveal of technology innovation Bajaj car in the pulsar 2001 season and release pulsar in the last edition of the 2009 season. The organization also proposed that all release occurred in the pulsar motorcycle. The pulsar 200 NS is a 4-valve pressure stage of technological innovation curiosity multiple technical innovation, providing better gas range and efficiency of the results. NS bare game. DTSI technology- Patented technologies pulsar follow road, the R D lab bike competition. In the Automotive industry, driven technology innovation in different parts of the vehicle, and this trend will continue to be observed in all the major areas such as chassis, powertrain, electronics and security, among others. Such technical developments will occur not just in these areas, the arrival of new modular assembly techniques will transform the court systems and methods together. http://www. anticiv. info/tag/technological-innovation/ http://stats. oecd. org/glossary/detail. asp? ID=2688 http://www. efytimes. com/e1/fullnews. asp? edid=16466 * Factory process control Process innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method (including significant changes in technology, equipment and / or software) small changes or improvements to increase the capacity of production or service through increased production or logistics systemis very similar to those already in use, stop using it not be seen as a process, simple capital replacement or extension, change purely from changes in the prices of the factors of production, customization, regular seasonal and cyclical nature of the change, the new trading or significantly improved product innovation. http://www. innoviscop. com/en/definitions/process-innovation For example: – Bajaj Auto â€Å"Total Productive Maintenance† as a means to create a safe and participative work environment, the goal is to eliminate the loss of all employees, to continue to enhance the capacity, flexibility, reliability and ability to process, resulting higher staff mora le to improve the profitability of the organization. The re-design of the processes, manufacturing approach was changed towards Lean Manufacturing (in lines of Toyota Production System). Moving Towards lean production Changes in the results and focus – * Retain professional and critical process of internal and outsource the rest. * Multi-model assembly line and off-line settings. * Flexible machining centers – quick-change modules and tools. * One-way flow of plant layout. Lean production plants in the chakan plant * Process quality assurance (testing). * Quality Assurance SPC error proofing. * Rationalization of suppliers – to consolidate in the first-tier suppliers. * Direct line supply on the basis of pull systems (kanban). * Non-store materials and products promising. Multi-skilled labor, self-monitoring and self-certification. TPM (Total Productivity Management), a Japanese methodology a SPC (Statistical process Control), manufacturing operation. http://www . scribd. com/doc/22572622/Bajaj-Auto * MarketingDesign A closer look shows that about 40% of the R D expenditures original equipment manufacturers and suppliers of all investments into innovation, never let the bike or never produced in sufficient quantities, due to the lack of market acceptance. Remaining 60% to 20% of necessary serial development. Another 20% is to fulfill the law of innovation, but does not add to the unique nature of the product. Under normal circumstances, these innovations do not pay off. This makes 20% of the profitable innovation investment, leaving only a small. More and more technology intense fighting in the sweet spot. Moment only about 10% of the development of automotive technology has the potential to become a blockbuster innovation. These technologies combine the two most relevant categories: the first category, the market potential is huge, including the purpose of the function, customer recognition, compliance and price level. Other classes, the high degree of innovation, the establishment of the technical differences in the market, better protection of intellectual property rights, high profits and long-term harvest. http://www. oliverwyman. com/pdf_files/CarInnovation2015_engl. pdf http://www. oliverwyman. com/pdf_files/CarInnovation2015_engl. pdf 3. What are the challenges when deployment of this innovation? (20%) Define the type of innovation use and how have they been deployed. Product innovation and challenges Write on the challenges encountered by the company when they introduced innovation. How are they overcome. What is the success todate? Compare with the previous before innovation. Support with evidence. Occupy wheeler market in India three years later, at the end of 1999, BAL consumer preferences change from the four-stroke motorcycles, motorcycle engines and forecast that this trend will continue in a higher scale. Motorcycle Sales in 2001 decreased by 41%, which is a real threat to the existence of BAL. A new set of emission standards (equivalent to Euro II emission standards) into force in 2000 two-stroke gasoline engine. Therefore, the scooters out of favor with the two-stroke engine. Applying the modified model proposed above, Bajaj Auto was losing market share due to change in consumer preferences, development of new market segments, and the availability of better products and scooters manufactured by their competitors. In the first step, the President of company Rahul Bajaj which is a change agent also identified the need for change suggested by Kurt Lewin, the current situation of making AIR hired conscious problems, a performance gap and the need for change. At the same time, he was commissioned and provided new leadership roles to the younger generation such as Rajiv Bajaj (Managing Director). In an attempt to regain market share, the company increased its production by 67. 6% in 2001 as a production motorcycle GEARED scooters fell by 44%. By 2001, the company was making as many as motorcycle gear Couple of Challenges Bajaj auto faces in between the ongoing process of innovation like lake of finance, public demand etc. The biggest challenge Bajaj auto faces is to introduce new face product in the market for which Bajaj auto is not recognized in the market, problem was hesitating will customer like the innovation or not. The second thing making barriers in doing innovation is searching for knowledge employees. Bajaj find very difficult in searching for well skilled labor and even in molding the resident employees in the changing and innovating procedure in introducing new product. Because the stage was very crucialfor company when they started applying innovation even competitors was very aggregative in doing the same so company was left with no other option then creating successful innovation. Played an important role in the success of this phase of the leadership qualities change agent change. Change agent in the chair, the current market environment analysis and to identify the importance of change, in order to maintain market share and bring success on the road to pull Hu Erbaguji, who is our mission. He figured out in different areas, such as the implementation of paragraph cruise segment, the high-end market, the best, etc. He also introduced into the company of young people, to give them more power to create customer surveys and general production requirements the idea is very important in a highly competitive market. Time and again, the 500 R and huge after the siege. Bajaj Auto Limited’s portfolio, this change, these changes in a very short time after launched a new version of the motorcycle in every aspect, as part of the implementation of the â€Å"Boxer† and â€Å"character†, â€Å"the destroyer cruise segment ‘push’, ‘the Avengers’ and’ found in the high-end market, the motorcycle industry in India, which is a huge success. This shift public by Bajaj scooter motorcycle thinking stereotype, especially the new generation, who are looking for more performance and stylish bike caused a huge impact. The turning point in this process of change is the introduction of the product, ‘Knock’ and ‘DTSI technology, to help them capture their names under the two-wheeler market, and victory over their rivals Hero Honda. ‘ In June 2006, the company announced its plans to increase the production capacity from 3. 5 million units in 2009 to 5. 1 million units a year, of which two-wheelers is 4. 6 million units of capacity. According to their plan, they recently launched 220cc variant of its popular pulsar motorcycle. 004 Bajaj Auto to change their old identity and create a new logo and brand line, in order to update its new brand identity. This proved something of a visual help to clarify the organization needs to move in the direction (Cote, 2007). These visions and their achievements, the stability of the organization in a new state of equilibrium. http://www. ukessays. com/essays/india/bajaj-auto-limited. php 4. Evaluate Business Success (40%) Compare the before im plementation ( market share/position/revenue/process/structure/strategies†¦ etc) to today’s outcome. Contrast them in terms of your writing ( theories you apply). Product innovation DTSi technology DTS-I A patented technology, achieved the pulsar follow road, the R D lab bike competition. In the heart of each pulsar is one of the country’s most advanced engine technology. DTS-i system. A technological marvel to ensure the highest performance, lowest consumption and emission levels possible. We will be happy to let a Pulsar maniac like you to know this breakthrough technology behind the secret of the pulsar. DTS-i engine Dual-spark ignition Normal ignition system has a single spark plug. Spark-generated flame front will take some time to reach the entire combustion chamber. Therefore, the combustion of the air – fuel mixture is slow and incomplete. The case of two spark plugs, both spark plugs fire simultaneously. This simultaneous firing and eddy current, in the complete combustion of the air – fuel mixture results. This action is the DTS-i digital control system (dual spark plug Smart CDI, TRICS III) Interests -Complete combustion of the air – fuel mixture without sacrificing mileage output case, gives the maximum power. To ensure that the emissions of environmentally friendly DTS-i engine TRICS III Power and torque requirements constantly change, depending on the rider cruising, acceleration or high speed / maximum speed. The throttle response ignition control system – III is an intelligent system that can quickly adapt to the ignition time, in order to adapt to different riding characteristics. Interests: TRICS III will help to achieve a good balance between the low-to mid-range torque and top-end power. This helps to easily ride in different conditions, such as flyovers, hilly terrain, dense traffic and highway cruising The TRICS III patent Bajaj Motors Limited DTS-i engine Intelligent C. D. I. Intelligent capacitor discharge ignition contains a microprocessor, which continuously sensing a different speed and the engine load, and by changing the ignition timing in response. The memory of the microprocessor together work with TRICSIII system, provide optimum ignition timing for any given engine speed, thereby obtaining the best combustion performance. Interests: Improve fuel efficiency and reduce engine noise and vibration, smoother power delivery. Bajaj Auto’s patent Smart CDI DTS-i engine EXHAUSTEC Exhaust is a device that is registered in the exhaust system. TEC representative of torque expansion chamber. It is fitted into a tuning box (resonators) of the exhaust manifold The low speed area, ExhaustTEC helps to create a negative pressure pulse (vacuum) of the exhaust valve to suck the air – fuel mixture into the more the intake valve opening the cylinder. Interests: ExhaustTEC produce high torque. Does not require frequent shifting of flow, as the vehicle, even in the lower speed higher gear pull capability. ExhaustTEC patented by Bajaj Auto Ltd. 4 VALVES The combustion chamber has 1/3 of the area covered by the valve head of a typical 2-valve engine, but an increase of more than 50% 4-valve head region. Also improved due to the flow passage area of the intake port and an exhaust valve port / channel. This is conducive to the induction of more the amount of charge (air – fuel mixture), and all the combustion gas of the combustion chamber is evacuated to ensure faster, cleaner and more efficient combustion. This engine has two intake and 2 1, 2-valve engine into a gas and the exhaust valve of the exhaust valve. These valves are small compared to the 2-valve engine, light weight. 4 valves (two intake and two exhaust valves), to improve the breathing method – the engine’s intake and exhaust process†¦ PULSAR CLASSIC 2000 – 2001 October 2001 The nineties witnessed ‘and’ generation was born. Work hard and party hard, Western and Indian values. The calm young Indians, masculine, stylish, well-deserved different. But they get a 100cc commuter bike. Changedforever in 2001. The first generation of pulsar is a huge success. It is not only the introduction of a new motorcycle, but also to create a new dimension – performance. When the family to discuss mileage, pulsar riders start talking about torque, rebound power – weight ratio. With pulsars, the bike no longer just a means of transport, rather than the person with the machine between the relationships began to be forged. Pulsar launch two variants, 150 ml and 180 ml, is indeed the man† PULSAR UG1 2002 – 2003 October 2003 Since the time of its launch pulsar ruled the heart of this country has been the rule of the road, and its first upgrade. Sold more than three times higher than competitive cycling, the pulsar is a rapidly bad boy on the block. Revolutionary DTS-i technology, introduced in the the excessive competition pulsar bike, it still has a clear competitive advantage. DTS-I’s advertising campaign, along with the launch of this generation pulsar also redefined the Indian motorcycle ad – This is the first bike ads show one wheel off the ground bike – irreverent image pulsar was born. Increase power to 16 and 13 PS 180 and 150, respectively. PULSAR UG2 2004 – 2005 November 2004 Each pulsar upgrade two aspects – styling and technology. Significant change at the same time, each time re-defined section. The game continuously toes try to keep at least just to keep behind the pulsar pulsarpulsar madman ahead. The UG2 many technology upgrades, launched during this period until the date of the pulsar, and a standard in the industry – 17 â€Å"alloy wheels, allowing greater suspension travel, nitrogen oxide suspension and the legendary ExhausTEC. In shape on the wider rear tire, tire environmentalists and all black cast Pulsar180. Improve the power of the 180 and 150, respectively, in 16. 5 and 13. 5 PS†¦ PULSAR UG3 2006 October 2006 Pulsar road in 2006, crossed the one million mark, many pulsar madman. Pulsar is no longer just a bike, which is a youth brand, and market leader in the field of sports, with a 50% market share, and that is to keep to the date. Our leadership, through hard work and toil Bajaj Auto Team – UG3 number of the largest total upgrade, ushered in the digital age. This is the first time, digital odometer, backlight switch, self-cancel indicators, and LED taillights introduced. Multiple sensors and digital mixer bike rider’s overall performance, a lot of information, and promote additional power, to pulsars thrown confidence. The increased power of 14 PS 150 PULSAR200 DTS-I PULSAR220 DTS-FI 2007 – 2008 February 2007 India’s first bike to break 200 ml obstacles on the road – Pulsar 200 and 220. Change and Pulsar bike in India once again lead this revolution. Although 200CC is equipped with a carburettor, 220cc fuel injected! These babies might throw downs power of 18 and 20 ps, and blatantly oil cooler. 220 also have front and rear disc brake. PULSAR UG4 2009 May 2009 On Road 2,000,000 pulsar delivered in three years, more than 3 million of the total number of pulsars India. This time to the sports field is also extended to the more than 15 brands from all the major manufacturers, such as Honda, Yamaha, Hero Honda, TVS. The segment accounted for about 17% of the total motorcycle sales, pulsar, its 50% market share, it still maintained a half contribution. 150 the clip-handle and 15Ps of power in February 2010. January 2010 Looking for the legendary 200 customers and the general public needs Pulsar220 also launched a deep-rooted in the minds of a Street Fighter avatar. The fastest growing segment in the motorcycle industry, 50% of the market share, more than 4 million of the pulsar is sold. Exports to over 30 countries, the pulsar is by far the biggest brands in the Indian motorcycle and eyes hegemony in the world soon. ttp://mypulsar. com/technology. aspx http://mypulsar. com/history. aspx Process Innovation Model in the late 1990s, the early 2000s – will lean production * economic situation, development through liberalization * Fierce competition. * Improve the customer’s wishes – More models and upgrades. Third level * 110% of the to do the project in the late 1990s, Bajaj Aut o Lean Manufacturing at Chakan Plant * Re-design process, manufacturing methods, and change to * lean production (Toyota Production System) line. * TPM (Total Productive Management), Japan’s methods and SPC (statistical process control) manufacturing operations. Moving towards Lean Manufacturing * The result of the change and focus – * Retention of professional and critical process of internal and outsource the rest. * Set more model assembly line and off line. * Flexible machining centres – quick-change modules and tools. * The plant layout * The single one-way flow. Lean Manufacturing at Chakan Plant * The process of quality assurance (testing). * By SPC error proofing quality assurance. * Rationalization of suppliers – to consolidate in a supplier. * Directly online supply based on pull systems (kanban). Of shops promising material and products. * Multi-skilledlabor force, self-monitoring and self-certification. Towards lean manufacturing – a hu ge change * This is a huge change. * Bajaj car driving through the railway’s new factory. * (About 20 km away from Pune plant) * A small number of major suppliers of railway factory. * Improve our near these plants, which gives a good advantage. Lean Manufacturing at Chakan Plant * The project 110% was supported by Project 110% IT. * Bajaj Auto implemented SAP ERP. * Towards lean manufacturing – IT support * supply chain processes MRP planning schedule * Schedule SAP portal vendors visibility. * that is based on daily necessities supply lines consumption. * The introduction of the E-Kanban. † * supplies sequencing the paint shop, assembly line production schedule synchronization. * JIT supply (our request) the major suppliers – * Components and sub-assemblies in accordance with JIT requirements * Supply, in 2-4 hours’ time interval. Towards Lean Manufacturing – Electronic Kanban * material supply and service revenue * Create on the the electr onic billboards line the consumption in the system. Suppliers establish open E-Kanban quantity invoice. * verify invoice after upload to our SAP system * The use of Internet-based EDI. * Unique ASN (advanced shipping notice), each power supply. * EDI numbers is what we call * Then printed on the invoice number of bar code EDI. * Forwarded by scanning EDI No. materials in plants * The creation of genetic resources without the need for manual data entry. Towards lean manufacturing – * Hair this lean supply process results. * productivity per employee – Vehicles – increase10 ten * Component inventory – reducing the stock of the week and a half shift. finished goods inventory – to reduce the stock of one to three days * Quality improvements – Improved 20000 PPM 2000 PPM. * Truck turnaround time – reduced four hours to half an hour. * The thethe Material United Nations load rate / – class size increased to 150-350 load. * Improved t he accuracy of the invoice data – faster payment processing. * deployment portal vendors – * Evaluation of the quality of power supply and PPM data visibility. * Invoice wise refused payment. * supplier of quality tracking supplier responsibility 5. Conclusion / Reflection (5%) Conclusion – should innovation be only once? Write and reflect your opinion. Studies have confirmed that all businesses are more innovative. The survey found that nearly 90% of companies believe that innovation is their priority. Concluded that the increasing importance of innovation, and increased significantly. In today’s economic circumstances, innovation has become an important factor in the impact of strategic planning. It has been recognized, innovation and the creation of wealth. , Even if efficiency is crucial to the success of the enterprise, in the long run, it cannot sustain business growth. Today, more than ever, we need to innovate. Every organization and business is feeling the impact of globalization, migration, technological and knowledge revolutions, and  climate change  issuesInnovation will bring added value and to expand the employment base. Innovation is necessary in these difficult circumstances, improved quality of life. Innovation will make the world a better younger generation. http://www. paggu. com/getting-into-roots/what-is-innovation-why-innovation-is-important/ Proper citation is required. Assignment in report format. Words = 4,000. 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Behavior Modification And Principles Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Behavior Modification And Principles. Answer: Introduction Behavior modification is an approach that is systematic and is directed at changing a behavior by applying principles of conditioning (Weisten et al., 2013). A behavior is achieved through conditioning, learning, and environmental control. This approach assumes that people can unlearn what they learned reconditioning (Bandura, 2007). This behavior modification as mentioned above is systematic and has five steps. Step one; specifying your target behavior. Step two; Gathering baseline data. Step three; designing your program. Step four; executing and evaluating the program. Step five; preparing my report. The first step involves an acknowledgment that one has a problem which is affecting their daily life and they need help. The second step involves gathering information on the problem. What aggravates and hinders the behavior. With all this information it is easier to come up with a strategy to deal with the problem. The reinforcers, punishers and control antecedents. With all this one can design a program with a stipulated time. In mine, it took three weeks. If behavior change is not achieved within the specified time it can be extended. It should adhere to the later. There are ways to ensure adherence is maintained. For example getting social support, a sponsor, focus group. After the stipulated time an evaluation is done in most cases there is the modification of behavior if there was adherence. Target behavior There are eight psychosocial development stages which begin from infancy to adulthood. The sixth stage is intimacy vs isolation. It targets young adults between the ages of 18-40 years. The basic virtue targeted here is love. If this stage is not attained/completed well it leads to loneliness, depression, and isolation. The hindrance to successful achievement/ completion of this stage includes masturbation, being in a bad relationship (where one is being treated badly, beaten, and cheated on) (Kendra, 2017; Sackett, 2010). The target behavior I would like to change is masturbating. I am in the age group of stage 6 development. Masturbating takes three to five hours weekly. As days go by the urge to do it increases. This means an increment in the hours. This is affecting my school. The concentration at class is poor. It is affecting my sexual life (Lipstick and McCann 2013). The long-term effect is worse as it will affect my psychosocial development. If this behavior continues I will not attain intimacy and I will end up lonely, depressed and isolated. It will affect my body image. Myself esteem (Shulman and Home, 2014). It will also affect attainment of other stages. This behavior should be modified before it causes more damage. Baseline data In baseline data there three things that I did put into consideration. I identified possible controlling antecedents, the initial level of response and lastly possible control consequences. Last one week all I did was gather baseline data. The hours I did masturbate. The antecedents (the events that preceded masturbation) and lastly what made me not masturbate, the hindrances. From the findings, it was clear that I was having a problem. Masturbating is affecting my academic and social life. It is affecting my sexual relationship life (Hurlbert and Whittaker, 2012). If this behavior goes on it endangers my future. I asked myself questions that guided me to gather the information. How many hours does it consume? I'm I guilt for doing it? Do I want to have a change? Does it affect my daily activities? Is it affecting my performance at school? When/ what makes me do it? What hinders me from doing it? The answers to this question gave me a baseline to the design of the program to modify m y behavior. The chart above shows the hour's masturbation consumes daily. An average of five hours daily. That is almost a fifth of my day. The third day the hours are lower because I was preoccupied with a continuous assessment test CAT. The revision took most of my hours. On the seventh day being a family day, I did not have time to do it. I spent the whole day with my family. The antecedents to my behavior are; being alone, after watching a romantic movie, taking a warm shower and lastly being idle (Pinkerton, S 2013). The control consequences are being busy, staying with a friend, avoiding romantic movies/novels, taking cold showers and lastly rewarding myself when a day passes without masturbating or when I conquer an urge to masturbate. Program design This is the third step. This is the intervention stage. Having identified the specific problem, the baseline data that is the control consequences, the initial responses and lastly the antecedents. With this, I will be able to come up with a program design to reduce masturbation and later on stop masturbation. To achieve this the following is required; reinforcement, control antecedents, and punishment. The reinforcers, in this case, will be those things that will strengthen the behavior of not masturbating and decrease the behavior of masturbating. Reinforcers are the responses from the environment which brings an increase in the probability of a behavior being repeated. The behavior can be negative or positive. Punishers, on the other hand, are the environmental responses that bring a decrease in the likelihood of the target behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens a behavior. Punishment cannot be used alone as it will cause nonadherence. It is usually combined with positive rei nforcement. The reward reinforcement. In my case what is the reinforcer? This is the questions that will help me come up with the reinforcers. What kind of praises do I like? What kind of things do I like? What are my major interests? What makes me relax? What makes me have fun? Whenever I have extra dollars, how do I spend them? What do I buy? What are my fantasy and dreams? (Watson et al, 1997). With all this analysis I came up a reinforcer. Every time I overcome an urge to masturbate I will be rewarding myself with chocolates. The expensive chocolates, I will be sampling different flavors and different brands. The punishers, in this case, if I am unable to control the urges I will be punishing myself by not taking chicken which is my favorite and substituting it with vegetables. For a punishment to be effective it should be mild so that I can stick to it and also so that I can be able to administer it myself. The third thing in the program design is the control of antecedents. Th is is the control of those things that directly or indirectly promote the behavior. In this case, it is those things that encourage masturbation. As mentioned earlier they are; idleness, being alone, romantic movies and novels and lastly long warm showers. To bring an end to masturbation. I should avoid long warm showers and alternatively take cold showers. I should not allow myself to be idle. I should keep myself busy. Whenever that thought comes up I should channel it into something useful (sublimation). For example, go for a jog, read a book. Avoid romantic movies/novels at all cost until I recover. Another way to achieve my goal is through aversion, which is, inflicting pain in my body whenever I get an urge to do it. For example through pinching myself hard. The design is by having reinforcers, punishers, control antecedents, aversions, and sublimation. With this, it will be possible to decrease the behavior and ultimately achieve the goal of stopping the behavior. Program execution This step involves putting the designed program to a test. The successfulness of this program depends on ones ability not to cheat on themselves. There are two ways to be used to ensure that there is no cheating. One is by having a behavioral contract, this is, writing a promise to adhere to the contingencies that are meant to modify the behavior (Janz et l., 2011). I drafted my goals and aims. The objectives were to be met in three weeks. Week one the target was to reduce the masturbating hours by half. The second week reduce it by two and the third week not to masturbate. The second way to ensure there is adherence is by having some else reward me and punish me when required or specified by the program ( Weisten, 2013). Gerber et al. (1986) state that to have a successful modification of behavior adherence is key. For one to achieve adherence the following should be achieved, have a collaborative framework, problem-solving approach, focusing on behavior, social support, stress inoc ulation and relapse prevention (Davis, 2009). Masturbating is not something I can just open up and tell someone, people judge (Coleman, E., 2015). To get someone to walk with me through this journey was hard but all in all, I had to tell someone so as to get social support which will, in turn, help me in adherence. I joined a sex addiction association where all people with sexual problems meet twice a week. I met people with worse sexual problems than me, people who have made it stop masturbating. I was able to get someone to help me through the journey (sponsor). My sponsor's responsibility was to ensure I recover by making sure I follow my designed program. Objectives By the end of week one, I should have cut the masturbating hours by half (less than 2.5 hours). By the end of week two, the masturbating hours should be less than 1.5 hours. By the end of week three, I should not be masturbating at all. Adherence plan For these objectives to be attained. Adherence is key. I used the seven phases of adherence to the designed program. With this structure I was able to identify motivators, create an expectancy of success, be able to establish priorities when it comes to self-care, be able to assess the effectiveness of the plan, have an activation towards success and change, and be able to deal with the effect of feeling helplessness and passivity. The program design execution. Week one Day Hours of masturbating Challenges Reward Punishment 1 5 Urges were so strong. I couldnt stop myself. I spent my leisure hours alone watching a lovely series. __________ For supper that day I took a vegetable salad 2 4.5 I did not masturbate in the morning, I went jogging. In the afternoon and evening, I couldn't help myself. A bar of Jacques Torres No chicken a fruit salad and fruits for supper. 3 3.8 I did not masturbate in the afternoon. I spent the whole afternoon in the library (a public place) Two bars of Jacques Torres __________ 4 3.5 I did not masturbate in the morning and afternoon. As usual in the morning I went for a jog. In the afternoon I went swimming in a public pool. Three bars La Maison du chocolate I pinched myself so hard whenever I found myself thinking about touching myself. In the evening I had to take a warm shower, it was so cold. Thats how I started touching. 5 2.5 No masturbation in the morning and afternoon, as usual, I went jogging and in the afternoon I went to a public place. 4 bars of Vosges Haut Chocolates I pinched myself hard after masturbating while in bed. I also had vegetables for supper. 6 2 Masturbation at night. 5 bars of Richard Donnelly Chocolate My best friend visited me and we watched a romantic movie which made me get a strong urge. I couldnt stop myself. 7 0 No masturbation A whole packet of Chuaos Chocolatier It was a Sunday. I spent most of the day with my family. Week two Day Hours masturbating Challenges Reward Punishment 8 3 It was raining heavily I couldnt go jogging. I did masturbate twice. Morning and evening. ___________ Supper was vegetables. 9 2 Had a long day, had no minute to think about it. It only happened in the evening. 4 bars of Debauve and Gallais Pinching myself hard and taking vegetables. 10 1.8 Happened in the evening. I was alone at my cubicle did not even fight the urge. 5 bars of Pierre Marcollin Pinching myself hard and taking vegetables. 11 1.5 Felt a strong urge in the evening. Tried to pinch myself but the urge could not go away so I went ahead doing it. 6 bars of Richard chocolate Pinching myself hard and taking vegetables. 12 1 Had lots of assignments which consumed a lot of time reducing my free time to touch myself. A whole packet of Godiva G collection Pinching myself hard and taking vegetables. 13 1 Came back to my room so tired. I had been hiking all day so had little time to shower did it only when I was taking a shower. A pack of Delafee Pinching myself hard and taking vegetables. 14 0 It was a Sunday. I spent most of the day with my family. A pack of Noka vintage collection ___________ Week three Day Hours used in masturbation Challenges Reward Punishment 15 0 The urge to touch me is so strong. A pack of chocopologies by Knipschildt I pinch myself and remind myself of the goal. 16 0 The urge is strong although my aims to achieve the goal is more important. A pack of Chuao I pinch myself and remind myself of the goal. 17 0 I did not think of masturbating the whole day. Have only thought of it now when writing this. A pack of Richard Donnelly __________ 18 0 No urge or thoughts to touch myself. A pack of Debauve and Gallais __________ 19 0 No urge or thoughts to touch myself. A pack of Richart __________ 20 0 No urge or thoughts to touch myself. A pack of Richard Donnelly __________ 21 0 No urge or thoughts to touch myself. A pack of Pierre ___________ Conclusion and evaluation Accepting that one has a problem is the number one step to healing (Marlatt, 2013). Masturbating had been taking a lot of my time. A minimum of five hours daily. This is a lot of hours considering I have to study and attend classes. At first, it did not bother me. The thrill to rush home and touch myself was intoxicating. I remember skipping classes to go and do it. Lagging behind in my studies, the fact that I could not maintain any relationship I got into and the fear of isolation in future made me want to change my behavior. With the help of this unit and also a group I joined after the studying modifying behavior. I was equipped with the knowledge and skills on modifying behavior. I was able to come up with a strategy. I gathered enough baseline data then came up with a design program. The design program was a success. I was able to modify my behavior within the three weeks. My sponsor was of great help through the journey. He encouraged me to move on and also he helped me in adh ering to the schedule through rewarding and punishment. Week one had so many challenges. So many setbacks. The urges were so strong. Masturbating was deeply rooted in me. Using the adherence table, reinforces in combination with punishers, having a written design program and a sponsor made it a success. The reward by the end of the day made me not masturbate. The morning jogging is what prevents me from touching myself in the morning. Most of the afternoon I am usually very busy; I either go to the library, mall, and charity work, church or malls. I avoid spending my afternoons alone and idle. This has been effective in curbing the afternoon habit. The evening habit, was hard letting it go. At evening I sleep alone and the urges were really strong. To prevent touching, I had to make sure I was really tired during the day so that when I enter the bed I just fall dead asleep before I thought about masturbating. This plan worked really well. I feel so good about myself. The five hours I used to direct in this habit, I use it for self-care. I exercise more, I use my leisure time studying or helping the society. Unexpected experiences This was a very bold step in my life. I did not even think it will be effective. I did put my all in it. The energy, prayers and time. I was committed. The shame and fear of saying that I used to masturbate are no longer in me. I started blogging about overcoming masturbation. If I conquered masturbating, anyone else can do it. All is required is a commitment, prayers and forging forward. I can stand at church and school clubs and talk about its effects, causes, and ways of stopping the habit. This is a great achievement. I am actually planning to go see the dean. The school should register a group of those having sexual disorders who find it difficult to communicate. They should be provided with platforms where they can share their experiences and get solutions. From the group I attend, sexual addition association. I have been given someone to sponsor. I am so proud of myself. Behavior modification in healthcare context In health care, so many patients brought to seek medical care express a desire to change/modify their behavior. The behaviors they desire to change includes, sexual addiction, alcoholism, smoking, aggressiveness, substance use addiction. To have a successful change the health care provider (me), I should help the patient identify the problem. Help them gather the baseline data. Help them formulate the program design. Execute the program. Evaluate the program. Rosenstock, (1985) for success in modifying a behavior adherence to the design program is key. To have adherence the following are the guidelines I would use to ensure the patient follows. One, every patient is unique, they all have different knowledge levels, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations. To have compliance I have to educate them, get to know their expectancy and deal with all the misconceptions. Two, learning happens best when done in bits that is incremental. The changes should be over a given time not abrupt. Use of reinforcers motivates the patients. Behaviors that were acquired long time ago will tend to take longer to be left. In this case, the patient should continue to be encouraged. Learning involves both the cognitive and the intellectual parts. To have effective learning and compliance the patient education should always be there (Davis, 2009). Should ensure they get social support through this journey. With this, they will be able to achieve behavior modification. References Bandura, A., (2007). Self-efficacy towards a unifying theory of behavioral changes. Psychology review. Edition 104, pg. 191-215 Coleman, E., (2015). Masturbating as a means of achieving sexual health. Journal of human psychology and human sexuality. Ed 14(2), pg. 5-16 Cummings K., et al., (2009). Psychosocial factors affecting adherence to medical regimens. Medical care. Ed 20. Pg. 567-580. Davis. A., (2009) Variation in patients compliance with doctors orders: analyses of congruence between survey responses. Journal of medical education. Vol. 51, pg. 1037- 1057 Epstein, L. H., Valoski, A., Wing, R. R., McCauley, J. (1994). Ten-year outcomes of behavioral family-based treatment Hurlbert, F., Whittaker, K., (2012). The role of masturbation in marital and sexual satisfaction: A comparative study of female masturbators and non-masturbators.Journal of Sex Education Therapy, ed.17, pg.272-282. Janz, N., Becker, M., Hartman P., (2011). Contingency contracting to enhance patients compliance. Patient Education Counseling. Ed 5. pg. 165-175 Kaplan, R., Robinson, E., French, J., (2012) Adhering to the medical regimen. Institute for social research. Lipstick, J., McCann, D., (2013). Male psychogenic sexual dysfunction: The role of masturbation. Sexual and relationship therapy. Edition 25(2) pg. 448-471 Marlatt, G., Gordon, J., (2013). Determinants of relapse; implications for the maintenance of behavior change. Behavioral medicine. Edition 7, pg. 131-164 Martin, G., Pear, J. (2011). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. ENT for childhood obesity. Health Psychology, edition 13(5), pg. 373-383. Pinkerton, S., et al., (2013). Factors associated with masturbation in a collegiate sample.Journal of human psychology and sexual orientation. Edition 14, pg. 154-163. Rosenstock, I.M. (1985). Understanding and enhancing patient compliance with diabetic regimens. Diabetes Care, edition 8, pg. 610-616 Sackett, D., (2010). The magnitude of compliance and non-compliance. In compliance with the therapeutic regimen. The John Hopkins University Press. Edition 3, pg. 9-25. Shulman, J., Home, S., (2014). The use of self-pleasure: Masturbation and body image. Psychology of men quarterly. Ed 27(3), pg. 262-269. Watson, D. L., Tharp, R. G. (2014). Self-directed behavior: Self-modification for personal adjustment. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Edition 10. Weiten, W. (2013). Psychology: Themes and variations Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth. 9th Ed.)

Typical Westerns Essays - Film Genres, Genres, Western, Gunfighter

Typical Westerns justyn dallmann Typical Westerns I think that Stephen Crane used alto of ideas from typical writings. I say this because some of the things were not typical but many of them were. This made the story unique because it wasn't the same as most other westerns but in some ways it was the same. This was not typical because in most westerns the person in jail doesn't get to leave and do his own thing during the day when he is hungry. Also the typical western doesn't have a man having an affair with a woman in san antone then have the man end up getting married to that women without any of his neighbors or friends finding out. This western was typical because it had alto of the typical character types the cowboys, bartenders, sheriff, gunfighters, town drunk. It also had the typical settings the ranch, small town, the saloon, board walk, and the jail. There was also many common images like the old buildings, the cowboy hats, the boots, the horses, the buggy, the train, the poker games, and alcohol. These are some reasons why I think it is like a typical western writing. I found that Stephen Crane wrote this story to be a unique story in its own way but yet still have many of the typical western characters, and settings. I think this improved the story for me because when you read or see the same thing every time you get sick of it and you like to have something different like this western love story. I enjoyed this play very much and I hope that we read some more play's during this class Film and Cinema

Free Essays on Educational Auto

Throughout life everyone always asks themselves the same question, especially when starting college; â€Å"What do I want to be when I grow up?† For me that question always seems to have an answer: I want to be a teacher. Ever since I can remember I have wanted to be a teacher. I am not sure if it was from playing teacher as a child, realizing the impact that teachers have had on my life, or even the love of math, but the thoughts of teaching were always there. As kids my brothers and sisters would play school in the basement. I have three sisters and three brothers so the classroom was always full. We would all gather around the little table and the teacher would write our assignments on the chalkboard. We would use our old copybooks to write in so it was just like we were in school. I always wanted to be the teacher, but being second to the youngest I sometimes got overruled. I never seriously thought then that one day I would be studying to become a teacher, I just knew that it was one of my favorite games. Even though this was my favorite game I do not think that I actually thought of being a teacher until I met my third grade teacher, Mrs. Dudash. Up until then I had moved from school to school and had always been the new kid. I had been to four different schools already and I was ready to stay in one place. I would have to say that up until then I did not like school. Since my family and I were all over the news due to our unusual life style when I started at a new school people already â€Å"knew† me and had opinions about me. It was not until I started school at Mother of Divine Providence in the second grade that I began enjoying school. Within the first couple days of class, I met two girls that would turn out to be my best friends for six years. My first year there was fun. I met new people and made my First Holy Communion, but third grade was awesome, I had this amazing teacher, Mrs. Dudash that was so... Free Essays on Educational Auto Free Essays on Educational Auto Throughout life everyone always asks themselves the same question, especially when starting college; â€Å"What do I want to be when I grow up?† For me that question always seems to have an answer: I want to be a teacher. Ever since I can remember I have wanted to be a teacher. I am not sure if it was from playing teacher as a child, realizing the impact that teachers have had on my life, or even the love of math, but the thoughts of teaching were always there. As kids my brothers and sisters would play school in the basement. I have three sisters and three brothers so the classroom was always full. We would all gather around the little table and the teacher would write our assignments on the chalkboard. We would use our old copybooks to write in so it was just like we were in school. I always wanted to be the teacher, but being second to the youngest I sometimes got overruled. I never seriously thought then that one day I would be studying to become a teacher, I just knew that it was one of my favorite games. Even though this was my favorite game I do not think that I actually thought of being a teacher until I met my third grade teacher, Mrs. Dudash. Up until then I had moved from school to school and had always been the new kid. I had been to four different schools already and I was ready to stay in one place. I would have to say that up until then I did not like school. Since my family and I were all over the news due to our unusual life style when I started at a new school people already â€Å"knew† me and had opinions about me. It was not until I started school at Mother of Divine Providence in the second grade that I began enjoying school. Within the first couple days of class, I met two girls that would turn out to be my best friends for six years. My first year there was fun. I met new people and made my First Holy Communion, but third grade was awesome, I had this amazing teacher, Mrs. Dudash that was so...

War of 1812 Overview - Campaigns of 1814

War of 1812 Overview - Campaigns of 1814 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace A Changing Landscape As 1813 came to a close, the British began to focus their attention on the war with the United States. This began as an increase in naval strength which saw the Royal Navy expand and tighten their full commercial blockade of the American coast. This effectively eliminated the majority of American commerce which led to regional shortages and inflation. The situation continued to worsen with the fall of Napoleon in March 1814. Though initially heralded by some in the United States, the implications of the French defeat soon became apparent as the British were now freed to increase their military presence in North America. Having failed to capture Canada or force peace during the wars first two years, these new circumstance put the Americans on the defensive and transformed the conflict into one of national survival. The Creek War As the war between the British and Americans raged, a faction of the Creek nation, known as the Red Sticks, sought to halt white encroachment into their lands in the Southeast. Agitated by Tecumseh and led by William Weatherford, Peter McQueen, and Menawa, the Red Sticks were allied with the British and received arms from the Spanish in Pensacola. Killing two families of white settlers in February 1813, the Red Sticks ignited a civil war among between the Upper (Red Stick) and Lower Creek. American forces were drawn in that July when US troops intercepted a party of Red Sticks returning from Pensacola with arms. In the resulting Battle of Burnt Corn, the American soldiers were driven away. The conflict escalated on August 30 when over 500 militia and settlers were massacred just north of Mobile at Fort Mims. In response, Secretary of War John Armstrong authorized military action against the Upper Creek as well as a strike against Pensacola if the Spanish were found to be involved. To deal with the threat, four volunteer armies were to move into Alabama with the goal of meeting at the Creek holy ground near the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers. Advancing that fall, only Major General Andrew Jacksons force of Tennessee volunteers achieved meaningful success, defeating the Red Sticks at Tallushatchee and Talladega. Holding an advanced position through the winter, Jacksons success was rewarded with additional troops. Moving out from Fort Strother on March 14, 1814, he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend thirteen days later. Moving south into the heart of the Creek holy ground, he built Fort Jackson at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa. From this post, he informed the Red Sticks that they were surrender and sever ties with the British and Spanish or be c rushed. Seeing no alternative, Weatherford made peace and concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson that August. By the terms of the treaty, the Creek ceded 23 million acres of land to the United States. Changes Along the Niagara After two years of embarrassments along the Niagara frontier, Armstrong appointed a new group of commanders to achieve victory. To lead American forces, he turned to newly promoted Major General Jacob Brown. An active commander, Brown had successfully defended Sackets Harbor the previously year and was one of a few officers to have escaped the 1813 St. Lawrence expedition with his reputation intact. To support Brown, Armstrong provided a group of newly promoted brigadier generals which included Winfield Scott and Peter Porter. One of the few standout American officers of the conflict, Scott was quickly tapped by Brown to oversee the armys training. Going to extraordinary lengths, Scott relentlessly drilled the regulars under his command for the upcoming campaign (Map). A New Resilience To open the campaign, Brown sought to re-take Fort Erie before turning north to engage British forces under Major General Phineas Riall. Crossing the Niagara River early on July 3, Browns men succeeded in surrounding the fort and overwhelming its garrison by noon. Learning of this, Riall began moving south and formed a defensive line along the Chippawa River. The next day, Brown ordered Scott to march north with his brigade. Moving towards the British position, Scott was slowed by an advance guard led by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson. Finally reaching the British lines, Scott elected to await reinforcements and withdrew a short distance south to Street Creek. Though Brown had planned a flanking movement for July 5, he was beat to the punch when Riall attacked Scott. In the resulting Battle of Chippawa, Scotts men soundly defeated the British. The battle made Scott a hero and provided a badly needed morale boost (Map). Heartened by Scotts success, Brown hoped to take Fort George and link up with Commodore Isaac Chaunceys naval force on Lake Ontario. With this done, he could begin a march westward around the lake towards York. As in the past, Chauncey proved uncooperative and Brown advanced only as far as Queenston Heights as he knew Riall was being reinforced. British strength continued to grow and command was assumed by Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond. Unsure of British intentions, Brown dropped back to the Chippawa before ordering Scott to reconnoiter north. Locating the British along Lundys Lane, Scott immediately moved to attack on July 25. Though outnumbered, he held his position until Brown arrived with reinforcements. The ensuing Battle of Lundys Lane lasted until midnight and was fought to a bloody draw. In the fighting, Brown, Scott, and Drummond were wounded, while Riall was wounded and captured. Having taken heavy losses and now outnumbered, Brown elected to fall back on Fort Erie. Slowly pursued by Drummond, American forces reinforced Fort Erie and succeeded in repelling a British attack on August 15. The British attempted a siege of the fort, but were forced to withdraw in late September when their supply lines were threatened. On November 5, Major General George Izard, who had taken over from Brown, ordered the fort evacuated and destroyed, effectively ending the war on the Niagara frontier. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace Up Lake Champlain With the conclusion of hostilities in Europe, General Sir George Prevost, the governor-general of Canada and commander-in-chief of British forces in North America, was informed in June 1814 that over 10,000 veterans of the Napoleonic Wars would dispatched for use against the Americans. He was also told that London expected him to undertake offensive operations before the close of the year. Assembling his army south of Montreal, Prevost intended to strike south through the Lake Champlain corridor. Following the route of Major General John Burgoynes failed Saratoga Campaign of 1777, Prevost elected to take this path due to antiwar sentiment found in Vermont. As on Lakes Erie and Ontario, both sides on Lake Champlain had been engaged in a ship-building race for over a year. Having built a fleet of four ships and twelve gunboats, Captain George Downie was to sail up (south) the lake in support of Prevosts advance. On the American side, the land defense was headed by Major General George Izard. With the arrival of British reinforcements in Canada, Armstrong believed that Sackets Harbor was under threat and ordered Izard to leave Lake Champlain with 4,000 men to reinforce the Lake Ontario base. Though he protested the move, Izard departed leaving Brigadier General Alexander Macomb with a mixed force of around 3,000 to man the newly built fortifications along the Saranac River. The Battle of Plattsburgh Crossing the border on August 31 with around 11,000 men, Prevosts advance was harassed by Macombs men. Undaunted, the veteran British troops pushed south and occupied Plattsburgh on September 6. Though he badly outnumbered Macomb, Prevost paused for four days to prepare to assault the American works and to allow Downie time to arrive. Supporting Macomb was Master Commandant Thomas MacDonoughs fleet of four ships and ten gunboats. Arrayed in a line across Plattsburgh Bay, MacDonoughs position required Downie to sail further south and round Cumberland Head before attacking. With his commanders eager to strike, Prevost intended to move forward against Macombs left while Downies ships attacked the Americans in the bay. Arriving early on September 11, Downie moved to attack the American line. Forced to combat light and variable winds, the British were unable to maneuver as desired. In a hard-fought battle, MacDonoughs ships took a beating were able to overcome the British. During the battle, Downie was killed as were many of the officers on his flagship, HMS Confiance (36 guns). Ashore, Prevost was late in moving forward with his assault. While artillery on both sides dueled, some British troops advanced and were achieving success when they were recalled by Prevost. Having learned of Downies defeat on the lake, the British commander decided to call off the assault. Believing that control of the lake was necessary for the resupply of his army, Prevost argued that any advantage gained by taking the American position would be negated by the inevitable need to withdraw down the lake. By evening, Prevosts massive army was retreating back to Canada, much to the astonishment of Macomb. Fire in the Chesapeake With the campaigns underway along the Canadian border, the Royal Navy, guided by Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, worked to tighten the blockade and conduct raids against the American coast. Already eager to inflict damage on the Americans, Cochrane was further encouraged in July 1814 after receiving a letter from Prevost asking him to assist in avenging the American burnings of several Canadian towns. To execute these attacks, Cochrane turned to Rear Admiral George Cockburn who had spent much of 1813 raiding up and down the Chesapeake Bay. To support these operations, a brigade of Napoleonic veterans, led by Major General Robert Ross, was dispatched to the region. On August 15, Ross transports passed the Virginia Capes and sailed up the bay to join with Cochrane and Cockburn. Discussing their options, the three men elected to attempt an attack on Washington DC. This combined force quickly trapped Commodore Joshua Barneys gunboat flotilla in the Patuxent River. Pushing upstream, they swept aside Barneys force and began landing Rosss 3,400 men and 700 marines on August 19. In Washington, the Madison Administration struggled to meet the threat. Not believing Washington would be a target, little had been done in terms of preparation. Organizing the defense was Brigadier General William Winder, a political appointee from Baltimore who had previously been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek. As the bulk of the US Armys regulars were occupied in the north, Winder was forced to largely rely on militia. Meeting no resistance, Ross and Cockburn advanced rapidly from Benedict. Moving through Upper Marlborough, the two decided to approach Washington from the northeast and cross the East Branch of the Potomac at Bladensburg (Map). Massing 6,500 men, including Barneys sailors, Winder opposed the British at Bladensburg on August 24. In the Battle of Bladensburg, which was viewed by President James Madison, Winders men were forced back and driven from the field despite inflicting higher losses on the British (Map). As American troops fled back through the capital, the government evacuated and Dolley Madison worked to save key items from the Presidents House. The British entered the city that evening and soon the Capitol, Presidents House, and Treasury Building were ablaze. Camping on Capitol Hill, the British troops resumed their destruction the following day before beginning the march back to their ships that evening. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace By the Dawns Early Light Emboldened by their success against Washington, Cockburn next advocated for a strike against Baltimore. A pro-war city with a fine harbor, Baltimore had long served as a base for American privateers operating against British commerce. While Cochrane and Ross were less enthusiastic, Cockburn succeeded in convincing them to move up the bay. Unlike Washington, Baltimore was defended by Major George Armisteads garrison at Fort McHenry and around 9,000 militia who had been busy building an elaborate system of earthworks. These latter defensive endeavors were overseen Major General (and Senator) Samuel Smith of the Maryland militia. Arriving at the mouth of the Patapsco River, Ross and Cochrane planned a two-prong attack against the city with the former landing at North Point and advancing overland, while the navy attacked Fort McHenry and the harbor defenses by water. Going ashore at North Point early on September 12, Ross began advancing towards the city with his men. Anticipating Ross actions and needing more time to complete the citys defenses, Smith dispatched 3,200 men and six cannon under Brigadier General John Stricker to delay the British advance. Meeting in the Battle of North Point, American forces successfully delayed the British advance and killed Ross. With the generals death, command ashore passed to Colonel Arthur Brooke. The next day, Cochrane advanced the fleet up the river with the goal of attacking Fort McHenry. Ashore, Brooke pushed on to the city but was surprised to find substantial earthworks manned by 12,000 men. Under orders not to attack unless with a high chance of success, he halted to await the outcome of Cochranes assault. In the Patapsco, Cochrane was hampered by shallow waters which precluded sending forward his heaviest ships to strike at Fort McHenry. As a result, his attack force consisted of five bomb ketches, 10 smaller warships, and the rocket vessel HMS Erebus. By 6:30 AM they were in position and opened fire on Fort McHenry. Remaining out of range of Armisteads guns, the British ships struck the fort with heavy mortar shells (bombs) and Congreve rockets from Erebus. As the ships closed, they came under intense fire from Armisteads guns and were compelled to draw back to their original positions. In effort to break the stalemate, the British attempted to move around the fort after dark but were thwarted. By dawn, the British had fired between 1,500 and 1,800 rounds at the fort with little impact. As the sun began to rise, Armistead ordered the forts small storm flag lowered and replaced with the standard garrison flag measuring 42 feet by 30 feet. Sewn by local seamstress Mary Pickersgill, the flag was clearly visible to all of the ships in the river. The sight of the flag and the ineffectiveness of the 25-hour bombardment convinced Cochrane that the harbor could not be breached. Ashore, Brooke, with no support from the navy, decided against a costly attempt on the American lines and began retreating towards North Point where his troops re-embarked. The successful defense of the fort inspired Francis Scott Key, a witness to the fighting, to write The Star-Spangled Banner. Withdrawing from Baltimore, Cochranes fleet departed the Chesapeake and sailed south where it would play role in the wars final battle. 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere | War of 1812: 101 | 1815: New Orleans Peace

Playwright discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Playwright discussion - Assignment Example It is thus the investigators’ strong assertions that no reputable or successful author will create a story not embedded on a blueprint otherwise disjointed and unstable stories will be arguably inevitable hence attracting reviewers to rip such works to shreds. Based on Lenny Bruce’s Comedy gold Performance, the significant of playwright is revealed with respect to its unique and legacy set up. This performance managed to override other performance culminating to ‘standup comedy’. It is embedded on a proactive blueprint making it organized putting ideas cohesively peddled by some problematic guy on stage and cornered at deadlock with the establishment and solely has his wits as the weapon. Bruce climax is interesting as he is delighted by Carnegie Hall being in his palm, being funny with respect to marriage and brilliantly offers poised introduction to political philosophy. Its working playwright has allowed his ideas not to be disjointed and being stable compared to Living Colour’s,’Cult of Personality.’ In a snapshot, playwright is the blueprint that drives story development layers upon layers to weed out chances of disjointed stories and lack of basis for

European fantasy sport analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European fantasy sport analysis - Research Paper Example With the saturated point of Great Britain, the market of the fantasy league is gradually growing to build the brands to the outside emerging markets. The fantasy league is largely grown in three major countries in Europe. Germany, France, and Italy proved to be the best marketplace for the sports fantasy more especially in football. Mondogoal is a company that is based in the territories of Europe (Lupica, 2014). There were a number of reasons why it was based to Europe especially in football. There was a license that was issued in the Great Britain including England, Wales, and Scotland. Italy, Spain, France, and Germany are regulated thus it is time-consuming and costly to get a license. Most of the companies decide to partner with the companies that have already acquired the license in order to offer the service. Brazil has got no problem when establishing the fantasy sports company because as long as one is not based there, he or she can play the gamble game and earn cash. The on ly problem is that the market is new and its growing up (Blessings, 2012). Analysis of the marketIn Europe, the fantasy sport is very popular because the companies involved normally allow players to select from the real players from the sports. That is to say, the players of this game normally choose the virtual players online, all from the list of the players they adore. With the ardent fans of these game-winning prizes upon winning the game, it has penetrated in many parts of Europe (Collins, 2013).

Management Essay Example for Free

Management Essay The management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources. The success of an organization is determined by four essential functions of management: controlling, leading, organizing, and planning. Controlling involves directing and monitoring the progress of employees. Controlling employees and the work environment helps employees to stay focused on goals set by the management. Management must provide superior leadership skills by making their presence known in the work environment. Employees have a basic need of having contact on a daily basis with management. By leading managers motivate their employees and increase efficiency. Management makes an organization successful by organizing all aspects of business which would include business functions; creating organizational charts, setting goals, creating an action plan, and figuring out the logistics to make sure goals are achieved. Management must use the function of control to stabilize employee performance and the work environment. Control is always viewed as a negative term because employees think of being restricted. However, controls are placed for the benefit of everyone, without a controlled organization there would be chaos. Within my organization, management maintains control by setting clear guidelines each employee must obey. Managers expect people in an organization to change their behavior in response to control (Erven, 1994). Since my colleagues and I work as independent contractors everyone has the power to choose their own schedule. Management controls the environment by making everyone adhere to the set schedule by 75% or better. When contractors meet their commitment, they are rewarded with a pay incentive. Prior to this policy being enforced, performance was lower, since this control has been in place performance has increased dramatically. Leading Management is expected exercise the function of leading in order for the organization to meet their goals. Leading is an essential function of management because it helps management direct employees to focus on the big picture. Typically management will focus on increasing productivity to improve cost efficiency. In order to improve productivity, employees need direction and motivation from management. At my organization, employees are paid based on commission. Management provides employees with information about busier working hours so that employees have the opportunity to maximize their efforts on those hours. At the end of the day, management wants the needs of the customers to be met as well as employees to be satisfied with their compensation. Organizing Organizing is a critical component of good management, because everything within the organization is depending on the organizational skills of the management. Management is primarily responsible for organizing resources in order for goals to be met (Bateman Snell, 2007). Within the organization, management must create an organizational chart which would describe the business function and responsibility of each person on that chart. Management would assume responsibility for all logistics to be in place to assist their employees of meeting their goals. In my organization, a critical component of organizing involves having all of the necessary technology functioning properly since business is conducted by phone and internet. On a daily basis the management has to make sure the phone routing system is functioning properly as well as their websites. Occasionally technical problems occur, and they must be handled immediately or else business will suffer if the necessary technology is not available. Planning Planning is essential component to the other three functions of management running smoothly. Planning involves the management team identifying goals and objectives within the organization. Once goals are mapped out, management must work together to analyze the current state of the organization and make a plan of action to implement immediate changes. In order to plan successfully, management must anticipate circumstances they could be affected by. Based on goals, objectives, and their forecast into the future they can begin to create business strategies. The management in my organization focuses on increasing the volume of customers. When the volume of customers drops, promotions occur more often to lure customers in. In order to prepare for unthinkable situations such as a drop in business management must work within other departments to develop contingency plans when business is not going as planned. The roles and responsibilities managers have within an organization. There are managers in every profession – it is not a standalone field. For those of us who become managers, we reach a stage in our career progression where we apply for roles which have management responsibilities. We then need to build our managerial experience and gain the knowledge and skills to enable us to carry out the role effectively. As a manager, there are many responsibilities must follow. Managers take on an essential responsibility for communication. Particularly with the pace of change, it ismore important than ever to keep employees informed of what’s going on. In performing the informational role, managers are essentially two-way information conduits. Managers must keep employees informed of all things that affect their work and provide information to their organisation (and, often, outside their organisation) about what the team is doing. To undertake PDRs with staff. Through the PDR process, to engage in the setting of objectives in order to assist in the monitoring of performance and the development of the individual. To assess the training and development needs of staff to ensure that they are adequately supported in relation to their work responsibilities. Managers are also required to ensure that staff have completed the relevant mandatory training for their role. To ensure appropriate management systems and procedures are in place to meet your health and safety duties. You will find your responsibilities contained in the University’s Health and Safety policy. You are required to ensure appropriate risk assessments are carried out in respect of significant hazards and safety inspections. To apply the University’s Equal Opportunities Policy. Line managers are responsible for maintaining a working environment that is free of discrimination, harassment, victimisation and bullying. In applying the Universities Equal Opportunities Policy and associated training, line managers have an important role in ensuring that no person associated with MMU receives less favorable treatment on the grounds of: gender, race or ethnic origin, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, social background or for any other identifiable discriminatory cause. There will be other responsibilities for you dependent on your managerial level within the University. You should speak to your own manager if you need to clarify any of these.

Self Taught Guitarist :: Music Musician Instruments Essays

Self Taught Guitarist I believe that every person has the ability to learn how to play an instrument. With enough practice, dedication and the right information, which is easy to asses via the web, you can accomplish almost anything. There are many web sites dedicated to all guitar playing levels. It is just a matter of finding the right one (or ones) for your needs and areas of improvement. Out of most web sites that I researched, there are two that I choose to talk about. These are Guitartricks.com and Cyberfret.com. Both of these websites have very good and extensive information that could keep any guitarist of any level entertained for weeks. One of the websites is also very interactive, meaning that you can post your own music on the web site for others to see and play. The topics range from beginner’s lessons to scales and even reading music! Both websites use tablature to show their audience different compositions, practice exercises and other user postings. Tablature is a series of six lines which represent the six strings on the guitar. Each line has a specific note which are E, A, D, G, B, and E from the bottom up. Then, numbers are placed on the lines to represent when and where your fingers have to be on the frets. The numbers represent the frets (frets are like keys on a piano) on the guitar and range from one all the way to twenty-two or twenty-four, depending on the guitar that you use (some guitars have twenty two frets and some have twenty-four). A very good aspect of Cyberfret.com is that it uses the treble clef as well in many of its lessons. The treble clef is a more professional and sophisticated way to write music. It is how Beethoven and J.S. Bach kept their countless inventions and masterpieces alive over so many years. Nevertheless, both of the websites focus on tablature in their beginnerâ€⠄¢s section, as well as tuning and naming all the parts of the guitar. Their content for a beginning audience is excellent and would facilitate anyone’s first understandings of the mechanics of the guitar. Since every person has their own style of music, the first thing I took into consideration when evaluating Guitartricks.com and Cyberfret.com was their assortment of styles to research.

Campaign to Make Awareness About Ocean Pollution

Campaign to make awareness about ocean pollution Background The current environmental issue of ocean pollution in Dubai which is spreading rapidly due to lack of awareness. Gulf countries depend heavily on seawater desalination for drinking water. But experts warns that pollution of gulf water could soon make it impossible to treat seawater for human consumption. According to ram Prasad a oil and gas expert in Dubai claims that increasing urbanisation led to dumping of sewage, hazardous waste and toxic chemicals in to the sea (Janardhan, 2004) Target PublicOcean pollution is a sector which is not taken seriously. There is awareness’ in the government but the regulations and rules must change to reduce the impact and make the public more aware about the situation. The primary target of the campaign is to make the main governmental authorities involved in water resource management to take an action about the current ocean pollution. Getting attention of main governmental authori ties such as : * The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries The Ministry of Electricity and Water * The General Water Resources Authority * The Federal Environmental Agency Objective The primary objective is to get the attention on governmental authorities to take the matter in to their hands by cooperating . for example oil spill is a serious issue how can they help to prevent it? What new laws could be built? Secondary objective is to make the general public aware of ocean pollution so that they won’t contribute to it. MessageThe message of the campaign would be â€Å"SAVE THE WATERS† which would influence the authorities and public to act upon it. Strategy/ channel and tactics Our stragedy of awareness is mainly based on media. Trough social networking sites to spread the message. Organising events to grab the public attention. News letters on leading newspapers such as gulf news sponsored by authorities. Timetable The time table would contain the days where campaign s will be held. Time and locations. Timetable

The Schopenhauer Cure

The Schopenhauer Cure Alyssa K. Engblom Winona State University In the book The Schopenhauer Cure, Yalom portrays a group therapist, Julius, who uses a variety of group facilitation techniques in order for the group to be run effectively. The first technique Julius uses in the group is to switch the focus from content to process. â€Å"Julius intervened by using the group therapist’s most common and most effective tactic—he switched the focus from the content to the process, that is, away from the words being spoken to the nature of the relationship of the interacting parties† (Yalom, 2005, p. 132).During this scenario, Bonnie is feeling insecure about herself and confronts Rebecca about â€Å"preening† for the men in the group. Phillip is still new to the group, and the other members are not too sure what to think of him yet. In order for the group to be refocused, Julius tells everyone to â€Å"take a step back†¦and to try to understand whatâ€℠¢s happening. Let me first put out this question to all of you: what do you see going on in the relationship between Bonnie and Rebecca? † (Yalom, 2005, p. 132). Julius does not want everyone to focus solely on what Bonnie and Rebecca are saying to each other, but rather on their relationship with each other.The second technique Julius uses is to have group members focus on the â€Å"Here and Now. † An off-shoot of the Here and Now technique is to have members of the group talk directly to each other, instead of talking about them. Julius â€Å"had done what the good group therapist should do: he had translated one of his patient’s central issues into the here-and-now, where it could be explored firsthand. It was always more productive to focus on the here-and-now than to work on the patient’s reconstructions of an event from the past or from current outside life† (Yalom, 2005, p. 158).During this group meeting, Julius is trying to get to the root o f why Bonnie feels that everyone else is more valuable or more important to the group than her. However, all of her explanations are all external and the other group members feel that her answers are regressive or don’t make sense. Julius then moves into another technique. â€Å"In his view the work in therapy consisted of two phases: first interaction, often emotional, and second, understanding that interaction. That’s the way therapy should proceed—an alternating sequence of evocation of emotions and then understanding† (Yalom, 2005, p. 60). To get to this second stage, Julius asks the group to look back at what occurred in the past few minutes. He was trying to get Bonnie to see that she takes situations or comments and then punishes herself with them. The third technique Julius â€Å"taught to his group therapy students was: Members should never be punished for self-disclosure. On the contrary, risk taking must always be supported and reinforced† (Yalom, 2005, p. 218). At this point in the book, the group members are upset at Gill for not telling them sooner that he has a drinking problem.They are angry that he was blaming all his difficulties on his wife, Rose, and not talking about the real problem. Julius then goes on to use a fourth facilitation technique, Horizontal vs. Vertical Disclosure. â€Å"Julius always taught students the difference between vertical and horizontal self-disclosure. The group was pressing, as expected, for vertical disclosure—details about the past, including such queries as the scope and the duration of his drinking—whereas horizontal disclosure, that is, disclosure about the disclosure, was always far more productive† (Yalom, 2005, p. 19). He then asks Gill what made it possible for him to open up to them at this particular meeting. At the beginning of the story, Philip did not seem like an appealing character. However, by the end of the book and after I got to know his c haracter a bit more, I could see certain strengths peeking out. Philip is an extremely intelligent, bright, and committed individual. He was dedicated to finding a solution to his sexual addiction, and worked hard to achieve the result he desired. In the group experience, he offered up bits of advice to the other members.The advice may not have helped them extensively, but at least he was trying to contribute. Philip also challenged the other members of the group as well as Julius. His personality was not very inviting, but this forced the others (and Julius) to try harder to understand him and what made him tick. When Pam returns to the group from her retreat, the mood immediately becomes darker when she sees Philip in her â€Å"cozy† group. She does not feel comfortable having him in the group because he had caused her so much pain in the past.Julius found it hard to find â€Å"forgiveness† for Philip, but he tried to identify with him to try to understand why he wou ld have done the things he did. Tony sided with Pam and questioned some of Philip’s statements, whereas Rebecca defended Philip against Tony’s â€Å"attacks†. Stuart also seemed to protect Philip against Tony’s attacks. He reminded Tony that he hadn’t seemed sorry for his sexual assault charges in the past. At the end of this confrontational chapter, Pam behaved towards Philip as if he were invisible.Farther on into the â€Å"role changes†, Pam revealed that she felt defiled that Philip was a part of her group. He was also, in a way, taking away her role as the intellectual of the group. In order to handle these various changes, Julius tries to understand where each person is coming from, whether it is Pam, Philip, Tony, etc. Additionally, he made sure that each group member voiced what they were feeling and if they were comfortable with how the group was proceeding. Bonnie and Rebecca each have different things to say about their own beauty and attractiveness. Bonnie does not believe that she is attractive in any way.She feels that she isn’t interesting or worth anyone’s time. In her words, Bonnie â€Å"was the little fat girl in your grade-school classroom. Very chubby, very clumsy, hair too curly. The one who was pathetic in gym, got the fewest valentines, cried a lot, never had best friends, always walked home alone, never had a prom invitation, was so terrified that she never raised her hand in class even though she was smart as hell and knew all the right answers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yalom, 2005, p. 129-130). She even mentioned that Rebecca was the type of person she envied and wished she could be.Some of those feelings are probably still raw for Bonnie. Those feelings were recreated in the group when Rebecca started â€Å"preening† for Philip when he entered the group as a new member. Rebecca, on the other hand, used to stop conversation when she walked into restaurants. She never had to worry ab out feeling unattractive or unwanted. However, now that she is getting older, her outward beauty is fading from what it used to be. She no longer stops conversation like she used to. Philip seems to sum it up perfectly: â€Å"Bonnie and Rebecca have similar afflictions.Bonnie cannot tolerate being unpopular, whereas Rebecca cannot tolerate being no longer popular†¦ Happiness, for the both of them, lies in the hands and heads of others. And for both the solution is the same: the more one has in oneself, the less one will want from others† (Yalom, 2005, p. 157). As the group gives Bonnie and Rebecca feedback, the criticism is not always taken happily. The comments sting, but they do help both women. Rebecca realizes that she likes to be admired, loved, and adored. She likes love. She then goes on later to discuss why she relates more with men than with women.In her discussion with Bonnie, she admits that she finds it more exciting to related to men or to date rather than s pend time with girlfriends. After this group discussion and feedback session about why Bonnie and Rebecca react the way they do to beauty/attention, they both seem to be more aware of their unconscious actions or why they seem to do certain actions. When Pam first returned to the group after her retreat, it was a huge shock to see Philip sitting in the room. I’m sure she never expected to see the man who made her life so confusing and turbulent at just age 18.Pam was extremely upset and did not seem to have any inclination towards ever forgiving Philip for what he did to her, as well as to her friend Molly. Philip did not even seem to have any emotions about the whole situation, which was frustrating for the whole group. How could anyone not have any emotion about such an important confrontation? Over the course of the group, Philip showed small changes in his behavior. He started to make eye-contact and use the group members’ names when addressing them in conversation . Pam starts to acknowledge Philip in the conversation eventually, though it was heated.On page 290, Philip and Pam get into an argument. In response to Pam’s assertion that some things are not forgivable, Philip says, â€Å"Because you are unforgiving does not mean that things are unforgivable. Many years ago you and I made a short-term social contract†¦ I explicitly stated in our conversation following that event that I had a pleasurable evening but did not wish to continue our relationship. How could I not have been clearer? † (Yalom, 2005, p. 290-291). In a meeting a few weeks later, Pam receives a lot of feedback from the group concerning her rage and why exactly the decided to have an affair with Tony.Philip observes that she â€Å"honors† contracts when it suits her. When Philip broke off their social contract, Pam was livid, but when she broke off her social contract with Tony, she didn’t seem to have many emotions about the situation at all. After this particular meeting, Philip could not keep his mind off of Pam. Later on, Pam explains that it is easier for her to forgive others because she wasn’t a personal victim of their offenses. With Philip, her life was altered by what happened. â€Å"But there’s more. I can forgive others here because they’ve shown remorse and, above all, because they’ve changed† (Yalom, 2005, p. 16). Philip eventually confesses to everyone that he thought about Pam after the previous session. It was the first time he had actually opened himself up to everyone. On page 328, Philip actually admits to needing therapy, because he needs to get his intentions and his behavior on the same page. He needs to be congruent. Ultimately, Philip breaks down when he describes what he thinks he truly is: â€Å"A monster. A predator. Alone. An insect killer. Full of blind rage. An untouchable. No one who has known me has loved me. Ever. No one could love me† (Yalom, 20 05, p. 334).Pam shows great strength and kindness when she comforts Philip. â€Å"I could have loved you Philip. You were the most beautiful man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Yalom, 2005, p. 334-335). After Julius died and the group members went their separate ways, Philip, Pam, and Tony all stuck together. Through all the feedback, criticism, and hard-work, Pam and Philip were able to move past the â€Å"event† of the past and live in the present. When in a working group, one does not only focus on his or her own problems. Each group member brings different life experiences, opinions, and feedback to the table.This creates a unique environment in which each member can receive feedback from more than one person. Members may receive advice or feel a bond they might not have had with the group leader/one-on-one therapist. Most of the 12 â€Å"universal healing factors† appear in The Schopenhauer Cure, but I will only discuss a few of them. Instillation of hope and Universality seem to go hand-in-hand with each other. As the members of this group talked about their personal problems and fears, they discovered that other members shared some of these same problems and fears. This gave them hope that they could potentially overcome these issues.Altruism is an especially helpful factor for Bonnie. The other members helped her put her self-esteem issues into perspective and to see that she is, indeed, important. Pam used Catharsis when she recapped her traumatic experience with Philip. This probably lifted a huge weight off her shoulders of the event being a secret. The positive response of the group members to support her after her confession brought them together even more. Group cohesiveness played an extensive part in this novel. Without a cohesive or trust-worthy group, nobody would ever open up and reveal their problems.When various members, Gill, Pam, Tony, Rebecca, etc. , revealed potentially humiliating information about themselves, it was essential that they trusted their fellow group members to keep the information confidential. The Schopenhauer Cure was an excellent example of a working group. It was great to see the different techniques used in diverse scenarios throughout the book. Without these examples, I wouldn’t have the good outline of how a group works that I do today. Reference Yalom, I. D. (2005). The Schopenhauer Cure. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.